Operators¶

C++ provides a rich set of operators to manipulate data.

Arithmetic Operators¶

Standard mathematical operations.

Operator	Description	Example
`+`	Addition	`a + b`
`-`	Subtraction	`a - b`
`*`	Multiplication	`a * b`
`/`	Division	`a / b` (Integer division truncates!)
`%`	Modulo (Remainder)	`a % b` (Integers only)

int a = 10, b = 3;
int div = a / b; // 3
int mod = a % b; // 1
double exact = static_cast<double>(a) / b; // 3.333...

Assignment Operators¶

Operator	Description	Equivalent To
`=`	Assign	`x = y`
`+=`	Add and assign	`x = x + y`
`-=`	Subtract and assign	`x = x - y`
`*=`	Multiply and assign	`x = x * y`
`/=`	Divide and assign	`x = x / y`
`%=`	Modulo and assign	`x = x % y`

Increment and Decrement¶

Prefix (++i): Increments, then returns the new value. (Preferred for performance)
Postfix (i++): Returns the old value, then increments.

int i = 0;
int a = ++i; // i is 1, a is 1
int b = i++; // b is 1, i is 2

Relational (Comparison) Operators¶

Return true or false.

Operator	Description
`==`	Equal to
`!=`	Not equal to
`<`	Less than
`>`	Greater than
`<=`	Less than or equal to
`>=`	Greater than or equal to

Logical Operators¶

Used to combine boolean conditions.

Operator	Description	Example
`&&`	Logical AND	`(a > 0) && (b < 10)`
`\\|\\|`	Logical OR	`(a == 0) \\|\\| (b == 0)`
`!`	Logical NOT	`!(is_ready)`

Short-circuit evaluation: - In A && B, if A is false, B is not evaluated. - In A || B, if A is true, B is not evaluated.

Bitwise Operators¶

Operate on individual bits of integer types. Essential for hardware programming.

Operator	Description	Example (a=5 `0101`, b=3 `0011`)
`&`	Bitwise AND	`a & b` -> `0001` (1)
`\\|`	Bitwise OR	`a \\| b` -> `0111` (7)
`^`	Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` -> `0110` (6)
`~`	Bitwise NOT	`~a` -> `1010` (Inverted)
`<<`	Left Shift	`a << 1` -> `1010` (10)
`>>`	Right Shift	`a >> 1` -> `0010` (2)

// Setting a bit (e.g., bit 3)
reg |= (1 << 3);

// Clearing a bit
reg &= ~(1 << 3);

// Toggling a bit
reg ^= (1 << 3);

// Checking a bit
bool is_set = (reg & (1 << 3)) != 0;

Other Operators¶

sizeof: Returns the size in bytes. sizeof(int).
alignof: Returns the alignment requirement.
Ternary (? :): condition ? true_val : false_val.
Comma (,): Executes left operand, discards result, executes right operand.